Soil and subsoil of the Champenois vineyards
The essentials
The subsoil of the Champagne vineyards is mainly limestone: 75 per cent of the exposed sediments consist of chalk, marl or limestone. Chalk, with a porosity of 300 to 400 litres per m³, retains water through capillary action and ensures the vines are supplied with water even during the driest summers.
- Why is Champagne chalk so important to the quality of Champagne?
- Champagne chalk stores 300 to 400 litres of water per m³ and retains it through capillary action, forcing the vines to work hard to absorb it. This moderate water stress promotes a balance between acids, sugar and the precursors of the fruit’s aromas.
- Which areas of the Champagne vineyards have exposed chalk?
- The Côte des Blancs, the Côte de Sézanne and Vitry-le-François lie on outcropping chalk; the Montagne de Reims lies on buried chalk. The Côte des Bar is mainly marly, whilst the Marne Valley is mostly clayey or sandy.
- What is Champagne chalk made of?
- Champagne chalk is composed of calcite grains derived from the skeletons of marine micro-organisms (coccolites) and contains fossils of belemnites, molluscs from the Mesozoic era. Its high porosity — 300 to 400 litres per m³ — makes it a natural water reservoir.
Beneath the Champagne vineyards, chalk, marl and limestone give the Champagnes their distinctive minerality and support the vines even during dry summers.
The subsoil is mainly limestone, as are 75% of the outcropping sediments (chalk, marl and limestone). This type of subsoil favors soil drainage and lends a distinctive minerality to certain Champagne wines.
The Côte des Blancs, Côte de Sézanne and Vitry-le-François vineyards are located on outcropping chalk, while the Montagne de Reims is on buried chalk. The Vallée de la Marne (west of Châtillon-sur-Marne) and the small massifs around Reims (Saint-Thierry, Vallée de l'Ardre and Montagne Ouest) tend towards marl, clay or sand. The Côte des Bar (Bar-sur-Aube and Bar-sur-Seine) is mainly composed of marl.
Champagne chalk is composed of calcite granules derived from the skeletons of marine micro-organisms (coccolites) and is characterized by the presence of belemnite fossils (mollusks from the secondary era). Its high porosity makes it a veritable water reservoir (300 to 400 liters per m3), ensuring an adequate water supply for the plant, even in the driest summers.
Chalk retains water by capillary action, forcing the vine to absorb it. This results in moderate water stress during the growing season, favoring the balance between the fruit's various acids, sugar and aroma precursors that will be revealed in the wine to come.
Lithological formations inthe Champagne vineyards
